Cory Doctorow has written very critically about his reputation economy idea “Wuffie” from his own science fiction novel Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom:
I wanted to write a comment on that blog post, but it seems that the commenting section has been closed now. So, I’m writing a reply here.
So, would a reputation economy be a good thing? I think it would be too premature to say that it would definitely be a bad or a good thing. In reality, most innovations are mixed blessings, but some innovations do have overwhelmingly positive effects, for example the internet.
Sure, we can anticipate the problems a reputation economy would produce, and that’s actually a very good idea. By doing that, we can consciously design the reputation economy, so that it’s harmful effects are minimized. Let’s look at the supposed problems and see how we could address them.
Meritocracy is a tautology, of course. There’s no objective measure of ‘‘merit’’ so there’s no way to know whether your society is meritocratic or not. Every famous, powerful, rich person owes their status to a combination of skill, luck, and persistence. The best luck of all is to be born to fortunate circumstances, well fed and well educated and well loved.
If you expect a reputation economy to be a meritocracy, then the factor of “luck” is certainly a problem. In a reputation economy people of high repute would also have a huge advantage at letting more reputation, because they are already quite famous through their high reputation alone. For a true meritocracy, these factors would need to be compensated for, somehow. That may certainly be quite a challenge, but with sufficiently advanced statistical algorithms, we might get close to an idea of “true merit”.
Another issue that is touched here is that of the existence of poverty. Sure, we can’t easily solve relative poverty, because some people will always have less than others (no matter what you want to measure). But we could solve absolute poverty with a universal basic income. A reputation economy should be complemented with a universal basic income, so that people do not have to depend on reputation or work to stay alive and productive.
reputation’s one percenters are even more toxic. They can go spectacularly bankrupt, financially ruining their investors, and promptly raise another fortune to gamble on.
I don’t see how that would be easier in a reputation economy than in our current one, when a reputation based society would quickly grant those who create financial ruin quickly get a negative public reputation for that.
Reputation is a terrible currency.
Reputation is not a currency at all! It’s wrong to confuse reputation with a currency. Reputation is no means of exchange. It doesn’t make sense for reputation to be transferable! That’s why reputation can’t actually replace money. Nor do I think it’s even a good idea to try getting rid of money. Though it may look as if money had terrible flaws, it’s human psychology that allows the problems associated with money to happen. Money acts as an amplified. It can amplify negative traits, but also positive traits. As an economic tool, money is very useful. If anything, reputation will complement money as another very useful economic tool.
But reputation is useless as a hedge against the real nightmare of a setup like Ebay: the long con. It doesn’t cost much, nor does it take much work, to build up sleeper identities on Ebay, fake storefronts that sell unremarkable goods at reasonable prices, earning A+++ GREAT SELLER tickmarks, even for years, until one day, that account lists a bunch of high-value items on the service, pockets the buyers’ funds, and walks off.
If reputation is built through trust networks, in which reputation is almost definitely connected to distinct individuals, and if the identity of these individuals were public, a long con would still be possible, but the individual who pulled it off, would become very blacklisted for a long time. And it’s not like any kind of reasonable measure could prevent long cons from happening in advance.
One notorious example is Peeple, the vaporware app launched in September 2015, which (it was announced) would let you rate other human beings on a scale of one to five.
Rating people on such a simplistic scale is simply a really bad idea. These one star to five star ratings are really popular, but they are pretty much useless for any kind of serious reputation economy.
Your citizen score is visible to everyone the government wants – buying socially approved items, undertaking approved leisure activities, adhering to rules and regulations, and socializing with other high-score individuals. Of course, not doing these things makes your score go down. Just being friends with low-scoring individuals drags your own score down, creating a powerful incentive to conform.
There problem here is that we are dealing with a top-down reputation system, one in which a central authority decides what people get reputation for, and what not. Citizen scores are to distributed reputation systems what a command economy is to a free market economy. A sensible reputation economy should be based on peer-to-peer reputation, rather than some algorithm telling you what to do.
Quantified Prestige
A good reputation economy might be based on the reputation system Quantified Prestige, which I have devised after reading Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom:
- It’s a peer-to-peer reputation system, in which people allocate Esteem Points (EPs) to one another
- The timing and the reasons for EP allocation are completely free
- People can also retrieve EPs from others at any time, well not more than they have allocated to them in the first place
- The number of EPs you can allocate to others is permanently limited, in order to avoid reputation inflation
- Trust networks are used to minimize the impact of Sybil attacks and other forms of manipulation
- There is only positive reputation in QP, so that people cannot be “downvoted into oblivion”
- The number of EPs a user gets from others determines his Prestige score
How does QP enable a reputation economy? For one, the Prestige scores are a useful information for others. The Prestige score is the equivalent of the Whuffie from Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom. But I went further than this: I have come up with the idea of reputation incomes. Reputation incomes are incomes which depend on reputation. The income might be an income stream in a digital currency that’s proportional to reputation, or it might have diminishing returns (though I haven’t spend much thought on the latter idea, yet).
Instead of taking any currency, I found out that it would be much cooler to have a currency that is generated by reputation: The Fluido currency. The more Prestige you have, the more Fluido is created in your account. In order to avoid inflation, I’ve also come up with a reputation-dependent demurrage system that automatically takes Fluido out of the system, if you have more of them than your Prestige can protect. Also, Fluido is a continuous currency that can be generated and transferred continuously, instead of just at discrete times and in discrete amounts.
Coming back to some of the earliest objections of inequality in a reputation economy, Fluido can also be generated as basic income. The relation of basic income to average reputation incomes can be set freely, but I’m personally in favour of a 50:50 relationship. The average user will get half her income as basic income, and half as reputation income.
The power of the reputation economy
What’s the point of a reputation economy after all? I think the prime selling point is that a reputation economy could allow for digital abundance: A state in which nearly all digital goods are free! How could that work? It would require a cultural shift, in which we rewarded content creators after they created their goods and gave them away for free. How can we reward content creators that way? With donations, or with reputation. A reputation economy could enable a more efficient gift economy. It’s much easier for people to give points to others than actually to give them money – even if those points actually mean money in the end.
If the cultural shift towards a reputation-boosted gift economy is strong enough, this shift can enable content creators to give away all their digital products for free. Those who still tried to sell digital goods would be outcompeted, and disappear from the market. All digital goods being free would be a pretty great thing, because we wouldn’t need to deal with such annoying things as DRM, paywalls, or patents.
Can a reputation economy have other benefits? Well, it could help to make businesses more ethical. Businesses who used questionable business practices would probably find it harder to flourish in a true reputation economy. On the other hand, businesses which exceeded usual ethical standards may be rewarded massively.
What will actually happen?
We don’t know how a reputation economy would actually work, before we create one. Ideally, we should create different types of reputation economies and do controlled scientific trials on them. Well, if the government decided to fund such trials, things might look bright, but I am not optimistic about that prospect. Instead, my priority is to create a reputation economy that at least ought to work fine, and test out whether it actually does in reality. If it doesn’t, then the reputation economy would have to be improved, until it works fine. Let’s face the truth: Reputation systems are becoming more and more important anyway, so we can’t avoid having some kind of reputation economy in the end. The best we can do is priming the world with the best reputation economy we can come up with.
Are you with me?